Heraclitus does, to be sure, make paradoxical statements, but his views are no more self-contradictory than are the paradoxical claims of Socrates. [citation needed], Heraclitus distinguishes between human laws and divine law (τοῦ θείου tou theiou lit. There is a human cosmos that like the natural cosmos reflects an underlying order. Leucippus Of Miletus (in his prime c.430 BCE) Leucippus, Luca Giordano, 1652-3, Pinacoteca Querini Stampalia. [52] Laërtius ascribes the theory Heraclitus did not complete some of his works because of melancholia to Theophrastus,[17] though in Theophrastus's time, the word "melancholia" denoted impulsiveness. Atomic theory began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and India. Empedocles is also credited with introducing the concept of the four classical elements, uniting his predecessors conceptions about arche: earth, air, fire, and water. [165], The Christian apologist Justin Martyr took a more positive view of Heraclitus. They are, presumably, meant to wake us up from our dogmatic slumbers. [35] Among notable individuals he criticized are Homer and Archilochus, both of whom he thought deserved to be beaten. 41). The quantity of fire in a flame burning steadily appears to remain the same, the flame seems to be what we call a "thing." The title is unknown. If we regard the world as an "ever-living fire" (fr. The one constant in the whole process is the law of change by which there is an order and sequence to the changes. And this is ... the concept of a river. [137] He also believed we breathe in the logos, as Anaximenes would say, of air and the soul. [136] The soul also has a self-increasing logos. Aristotle reports, Heraclitus criticizes the poet who said, ‘would that strife might perish from among gods and men’ [Homer Iliad 18.107]’ for there would not be harmony without high and low notes, nor living things without female and male, which are opposites. (DK22B32), God is day night, winter summer, war peace, satiety hunger, and it alters just as when it is mixed with incense is named according to the aroma of each. [172], Carl Jung wrote Heraclitus "discovered the most marvellous of all psychological laws: the regulative function of opposites ... by which he meant that sooner or later everything runs into its opposite". [65] One quote can even be read as a statement against making arguments ad hominem: "Listening not to me but to the Logos ...". Eduard Zeller's opinion of Heraclitean logos stated: λόγος  in my [Zeller's] opinion, refers indeed primarily to the discourse, but also to the contents of the discourse, the truth expressed in it; a confusion and identification of different ideas, united and apparently included in one word, which should least of all surprise us in Heracleitus. [citation needed] Heraclitus also stated "human opinions are children's toys"[131] and "Man is called a baby by God, even as a child [is called a baby] by a man". The laws of a city-state are an important principle of order: The people [of a city] should fight for their laws as they would for their city wall. [citation needed] Giuseppe Antonio Petrini painted "Weeping Heraclitus" circa 1750. (DK22B36). Heraclitus believed the world is in accordance with Logos (literally, "word", "reason", or "account") and is ultimately made of fire. Influenced by the teachings of the Heraclitean Cratylus, Plato saw the sensible world as exemplifying a Heraclitean flux. Perhaps more generally, the change in elements or constituents supports the constancy of higher-level structures.As for the alleged doctrine of the Identity of Opposites, Heraclitus does believe in some kind of unity of opposites. [17] Heraclitus wrote; "The lord whose is the oracle at Delphi neither speaks nor hides his meaning, but gives a sign". Atomic theory has come a long way over the past few thousand years. [54] The motif was also adopted by Lucian of Samosata in his "Sale of Creeds", in which the duo is sold together as a complementary product in a satirical auction of philosophers. Leucippus (5th c. BCE) is the earliest figure whose commitment toatomism is well attested. Plato and Aristotle both criticized Heraclitus for a radical theory that led to a denial of the Law of Non-Contradiction. “Epistemology and Meaning in Heraclitus.”. "[116], The idea is referenced twice in Plato's Cratylus;[110] rather than "flow" Plato uses chōrei (χῶρος; chōros; "to change place"). We can think of Heraclitus as making the switch between the East and the West. These ancient philosophers speculated that the earth was made up of different combinations of basic substances, or elements. God can be thought of as fire, but fire, as we have seen, is constantly changing, symbolic of transformation and process. Plato, however, expresses the idea quite clearly. But if A is the source of B and B of C, and C turns back into B and then A, then B is likewise the source of A and C, and C is the source of A and B. What Heraclitus actually says is the following: On those stepping into rivers staying the same other and other waters flow. [97] This might be another "hidden harmony" and is more consistent with pluralism rather than monism. John Dalton, who developed the atomic theory and Dalton's law, educated Joule and his brother. Aristotle quotes part of the opening line in the Rhetoric to outline the difficulty in punctuating Heraclitus without ambiguity; he debated whether "forever" applied to "being" or to "prove". In his First Apology, he said both Socrates and Heraclitus were Christians before Christ: "those who lived reasonably are Christians, even though they have been thought atheists; as, among the Greeks, Socrates and Heraclitus, and men like them". [22] He "heard no one" but "questioned himself". In the Symposium, Plato sounds much like Heraclitus:[151][156], Even during the period for which any living being is said to live and retain his identity—as a man, for example, is called the same man from boyhood to old age—he does not in fact retain the same attributes, although he is called the same person: he is always becoming a new being and undergoing a process of loss and reparation, which affects his hair, his flesh, his bones, his blood and his whole body. But water comes from earth; and from water, soul. Heraclitus may be saying that the Milesians correctly saw that one stuff turns into another in a series, but they incorrectly inferred from this that some one stuff is the source of everything else. To read Heraclitus the reader must solve verbal puzzles, and to learn to solve these puzzles is to learn to read the signs of the world. One cannot break a human law with impunity. [j] According to Plotinus, Heraclitus seems to say, paradoxically, change is what unites things, pointing to his ideas of the unity of opposites and the quotes "Even the kykeon falls apart if it is not stirred"[106] and "Changing it rests". Drunkenness damages the soul by causing it to be moist, while a virtuous life keeps the soul dry and intelligent. This aspect of his philosophy is contrasted with that of Parmenides, who believed in "being" and in the static nature of the universe. Atomic Theory Aristotle Aristotle was born in Stagira, in 384 B.C. He attributed dialectics to Heraclitus rather than, as Aristotle did, to Zeno of Elea, saying; "There is no proposition of Heraclitus which I have not adopted in my Logic". these are the terms in which he describes the system. (DK22B53). (DK22B114). Daniel W. Graham Ultimately, fire may be more important as a symbol than as a stuff. [g] But although the Logos is common, most people live as if they had their own private understanding (phronēsis). Heraclitus has been portrayed several times in western art, especially as part of the weeping and laughing philosopher motif, and with globes. This initial part of DK B2 is often omitted because it is broken by a note explaining that, Heraclitus typically uses the ordinary word "to become" (, Different translations of this can be found at, DK B125a, from John Tzetzes, Scholium on Aristophanes. [44][d] According to Diogenes Laërtius, Heraclitus deposited the book in the Artemisium as a dedication. In 1619, the Dutch Cornelis van Haarlem also painted a laughing Democritus and weeping Heraclitus. [20], Laërtius says Heraclitus was "wondrous" from childhood. A Greek philosopher of the late 6th century BCE, Heraclitus criticizes his predecessors and contemporaries for their failure to see the unity in experience. [13], Herakleitos said (fr. Other Greek thinkers wanted to find some fixed principle around which a stable, predictable way to understand reality could be built (especially the Pythagoreans, about whom we will say more later). He wanted not merely something from which opposites could be "separated out," but something which of its own nature would pass into everything else, while everything else would pass in turn into it. There is no particular reason to promote one stuff at the expense of the others. [6] The stories about Heraclitus could be invented to illustrate his character as inferred from his writings. How can that be? Heraclitus lived in Ephesus, an important city on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor, not far from Miletus, the birthplace of philosophy. "[128] Bertrand Russell presents Heraclitus as a mystic in his Mysticism and Logic. But it has a limitless dimension: If you went in search of it, you would not find the boundaries of the soul, though you traveled every road-so deep is its measure [logos]. Franz Xaver Messerschmidt also sculpted them. On the other hand, it would be wrong to think of him as a straightforward natural philosopher in the manner of other Ionian philosophers, for he is deeply concerned with the moral implications of physical theory. According to Diogenes Laërtius, Timon of Phlius called Heraclitus "the Riddler" (αἰνικτής; ainiktēs), saying Heraclitus wrote his book "rather unclearly" (asaphesteron); according to Timon, this was intended to allow only the "capable" to attempt it. The main source for the life of Heraclitus is the doxographer Diogenes Laërtius; the author Charles Kahn questioned the validity of Laërtius's account as "a tissue of Hellenistic anecdotes, most of them obviously fabricated on the basis of statements in the preserved fragments". Although Plato thought he wrote after Parmenides, it is more likely he wrote before Parmenides. Plato knew of Heraclitus through Cratylus and wrote his dialogue of the same name. This sort of mutual change presupposes the non-identity of the terms. Today when we hear of the atomic theory, our mind directly goes to nuclear weapons and power '"sweepings"') piled up (κεχυμένον kechuménon ("poured out") at random (εἰκῇ eikê "aimlessly"). Although the fragments do not give detailed information about Heraclitus’ physics, it seems likely that the amount of water that evaporates each day is balanced by the amount of stuff that precipitates as water, and so on, so that a balance of stuffs is maintained even though portions of stuff are constantly changing their identity. [150] Cratylus may have thought continuous change warrants skepticism because one cannot define a thing that does not have a permanent nature. It is always consuming fuel and always liberating smoke. [40] According to Laërtius, this culminated in misanthropy; "Finally, he became a hater of his kind (misanthrope) and wandered the mountains [...] making his diet of grass and herbs". It is certain that his hometown was Elea (Latin: Velia)—a Greek settlement along the Tyrrhenian coast of the Appenine Peninsula, just south of the Bay of Salerno, now located in the modern municipality (comune) of Ascea, Italy. (DK22B67). Heraclitus’ theory can be understood as a response to the philosophy of his Ionian predecessors. E. S. Haldane, p. 279, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, "Stoic Philosophers: Cleanthes' Hymn to Zeus", https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heraclitus/, The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition Parmenides of Elea, https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-A-2784, https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/ngier/309/origins.htm, https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5684, https://archive.org/details/scissorsofmeterg0000wesl/page/66/mode/2up, "Heraclitus: The Complete Fragments: Translation and Commentary and The Greek Text", "Heraclitus the Obscure: The Father of the Doctrine of Flux and the Unity of Opposites", "The Logos: a Modern Adapted Translation of the Complete Fragments of Heraclitus", "Osho discourse on Heraclitus, The Hidden Harmony", Relationship between religion and science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&oldid=1006770106, Ancient Greeks from the Achaemenid Empire, Articles containing Ionic Greek-language text, Articles containing Attic Greek-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with Greek-language sources (el), Wikipedia articles incorporating the template Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 February 2021, at 18:27. There is a note of despair; "The fairest universe (κάλλιστος κόσμος; kállistos kósmos) is but a heap of rubbish (σάρμα sárma lit. And this law never changes, it is eternal. [citation needed], The sense of smell also seems to play a role in Heraclitus's philosophy; he stated; "If all things were turned to smoke, the nostrils would distinguish them"[148] and "Souls smell in Hades". Diogenes Laërtius stated Heraclitus flourished in the 69th Olympiad between 504 and 501 BC. Heraclitus was of distinguished parentage but he eschewed his privileged life for a lonely one as a philosopher. Raphael depicted Michelangelo as Heraclitus; he and Diogenes of Sinope are the only men to sit alone in the painting. [48] Aristotle regarded it as the most basic of all principles. Fire may have been for him a perfect example of his whole theory. Heraclitus prefigures the semantic complexity of his message.). (DK22B31a), Sea is liquefied and measured into the same proportion as it had before it became earth. [118], According to Aristotle, Cratylus went a step beyond his master's doctrine and said one cannot step into the same river once. Thus while sense experience seems necessary for understanding, if we do not know the right language, we cannot interpret the information the senses provide. is something, that stays identical. [80] Aristotle said Heraclitus disliked Homer because he wished strife would leave the world, which for Heraclitus would destroy the world; "there would be no harmony without high and low notes, and no animals without male and female, which are opposites".[81]. If everything consists of a single, indestructible, immutable substance, then motion and change are illusions. Heraclitus describes it as "the judging and convicting of all things". (The opening sentence is ambiguous: does the ‘forever’ go with the preceding or the following words? Describing the practice of religious prophets, Heraclitus says, “The Lord whose oracle is at Delphi neither reveals nor conceals, but gives a sign” (DK22B93). [112], Heraclitus's philosophy has been summed up with the adage; "No man ever steps in the same river twice",[113] although, ironically, this precise phrasing is not attested in his own language. Whatever it wishes to get, it purchases at the cost of soul. Some also predicted the extinction of the world. "[138], A famous quotation of Heraclitus, Ethos anthropoi daimon ("man's character is [his] fate")[139] has led to numerous interpretations, and might mean one's luck is related to one's character. The path to atomic theory was complex and full of many surprising findings. Around 1630, Dutch painter Johannes Moreelse painted Heraclitus ringing his hands over a globe, sad at the state of the world, and another with Democritus laughing at one. In a seeming response to Anaximander,[74][75] Heraclitus also believed in a unity of opposites. And it may apply to psychology and other domains as well. But the laws are not merely of local interest: they derive their force from a divine law. "[70] DK B3 and B94, from Derveni Papyrus, col IV, Lectures on the History of Philosophy (1892), trans. According to Plato: "All entities move and nothing remains still" and "Everything changes and nothing remains still ... and ... you cannot step twice into the same stream". There exists one or two pieces of evidence that Epicuras denied that Leucippus even existed. [29] He also stated; "Hearing they do not understand, like the deaf. [citation needed] In antiquity, this was interpreted to mean that eventually all things will be consumed by fire, a doctrine called ecpyrosis. ... for at the moment that the observer approaches, then they become other ... so that you cannot get any further in knowing their nature or state ... but if that which knows and that which is known exist ever ... then I do not think they can resemble a process or flux ....[155], Plato seems to have been influenced by Heraclitus in his concept of the world as always changing and thus our inability to have knowledge of particulars, and by Parmenides in needing another world—the Platonic realm where things remain unchanging and universals exist as the objects of knowledge, the Forms. [124], According to Heraclitus, God's custom has wisdom but human custom does not. 3–5. He uses puns, paradoxes, antitheses, parallels, and various rhetorical and literary devices to construct expressions that have meanings beyond the obvious. [citation needed] Nicolaes Pickenoy also painted the pair. He said (fr. Dirck van Baburen also painted the pair. [110] The word rhei ("to stream") (as in rheology) and is etymologically related to Rhea according to Plato's Cratylus.[111][k]. 540-535 B.C.E., and thus Parmenides was of Ionian stock (1.167.3). But it always was and will be: an ever-living fire, with measures of it kindling, and measures going out. Nothing - Heraclitus lived before atomists, philosophers which came with idea of atoms, and he didn´t make a base for their ideas. He does not say whether Heraclitus or another person divided them this way. [e] Theophrastus says (in Diogenes Laërtius) "some parts of his work [are] half-finished, while other parts [made] a strange medley".[17]. The work of Democritus has survived only in secondhand reports,sometimes unreliable or co… Laërtius also states Heraclitus' work was "a continuous treatise ... but was divided into three discourses, one on the universe, another on politics, and a third on theology". We are and are not. [87] He also wrote: We must know that war is common to all and strife is justice, and that all things come into being through strife necessarily. Atomic Theory None of Democritus’ many works have survived intact. Anaxagoras may have been influenced by Heraclitus in his refusal to separate the opposites. [77] This is taken to mean men are mortal gods and gods are immortal men. Even as we look at them, some of the stuff of which they are composed has already passed into something else, while fresh stuff has come into them from another source. [156], Pyrrhonism is a school of philosophical skepticism that flourished between the 3rd century BC and about the 3rd century CE. [95], Concerning a circle the beginning and end are common. First, like the four elements and the homeomeric substances, atoms cannot be generated, destroyed, or qualitatively changed. The underlying law of nature also manifests itself as a moral law for human beings. [169], Friedrich Engels, who associated with the Young Hegelians, also gave Heraclitus the credit for inventing dialectics, which are relevant to his own dialectical materialism. [142][143][144] W. K. C. Guthrie disputes this interpretation, citing "Eyes and ears are bad witnesses to men who have barbarian souls". [citation needed], Spaniard Jusepe de Ribera painted the pair in 1630. [23], Diogenes Laërtius relates Heraclitus had a poor opinion of human affairs,[8] stating "The mysteries practiced among men are unholy mysteries". ), DK B2, from Sextus Empiricus, Against the Mathematicians 7.133, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, pp. The point, then, is not that everything is changing, but that the fact that some things change makes possible the continued existence of other things. There is no reason, then, to think of him as solely a humanist or moral philosopher. If this is what Heraclitus has in mind, he goes beyond the physical theory of his early predecessors to arrive at something like a process philosophy with a sophisticated understanding of metaphysics. He was most famous for his insistence on ever-present change—known in philosophy as "flux" or "becoming"—as the characteristic feature of the world; an idea he expressed in the famous saying, "No man ever steps in the same river twice", or with panta rhei ("everything flows"). And he makes human values a central concern of philosophy for the first time. Greek Philosophers Of The Atomic Theory 11. His father collaborated with Xerxes, king of the Persians, to train their armies. He has been seen as a "material monist or a process philosopher; a scientific cosmologist, a metaphysician and a religious thinker; an empiricist, a rationalist, a mystic; a conventional thinker and a revolutionary; a developer of logic—one who denied the law of non-contradiction; the first genuine philosopher and an anti-intellectual obscurantist."[5]. Mourelatos, Alexander P. D. “Heraclitus, Parmenides, and the Naive Metaphysics of Things.”. His atomic model was solid, and stated all atoms differ in size, shape, mass, position and arrangement, with a void exists between them. [94], Hesiod is most men's teacher. [a] Heraclitus's father was named either Blosôn or Herakôn. [citation needed], Heraclitus, depicted in engraving from 1825. In fact, recently discovered papyri have shown that Heraclitus is concerned with technical questions of astronomy, not only with general theory. [133], Heraclitus regarded the soul as a mixture of fire and water, and that fire is the noble part of the soul and water is the ignoble part. [49], By the time of Cicero, this epithet became "The Dark" (ὁ Σκοτεινός; ho Skoteinós) as he had spoken nimis obscurē, "too obscurely", concerning nature and had done so deliberately in order to be misunderstood; the customary English translation of the aforementioned, however, follows the Latin form, "The Obscure". Here we see the notion of a law of nature that informs human society as well as nature. While ancient sources understand Heraclitus as saying the world comes to be and then perishes in a fiery holocaust, only to be born again (DK22A10), the present passage seems to contradict this reading: the world itself does not have a beginning or end. But Heraclitus, the philosopher of flux, believes that as the stuffs turn into one another, the world itself remains stable. Heraclitus believed; "Listening not to me but to the Logos it is wise to agree that all things are one". [80][145] Heraclitus also said, "sight tells falsehoods"[146] and "nature loves to hide". Heraclitus seems to follow this pattern of explanation when he refers to the world as “everliving fire” (DK22B30, quoted in full in next section) and makes statements such as “Thunderbolt steers all things,” alluding to the directive power of fire (DK22B64). For the Milesians, to explain the world and its phenomena was just to show how everything came from the original stuff, such as Thales’ water or Anaximenes’ air. The world as we know it is the orderly articulation of different stuffs produced out of the original stuff. For this reason, Heraclitus and Parmenides are commonly considered to be two of the founders of ontology and the issue of the One and the Many, and thus pivotal in the history of Western philosophy and metaphysics. All of these figures flourished in the 6th century BCE or earlier, suggesting a date for Heraclitus in the late 6th century. He expresses the principles of his cosmology in a single sentence: This world-order, the same of all, no god nor man did create, but it ever was and is and will be: everliving fire, kindling in measures and being quenched in measures. [citation needed] Philo uses the term Logos throughout his treatises on Hebrew scripture in a manner clearly influenced by the Stoics. One major figure in the school Aenesidemus claimed in a now-lost work Pyrrhonism was a way to Heraclitean philosophy because opposites appearing to be the case about the same thing leads into opposites being the case about the same thing. We know nothing about his life other than what can be gleaned from his own statements, for all ancient biographies of him consist of nothing more than inferences or imaginary constructions based on his sayings. [citation needed], Martin Heidegger was also influenced by Heraclitus, as seen in his Introduction to Metaphysics, and took a very different interpretation than Nietzsche and several others. But fire is a strange stuff to make the origin of all things, for it is the most inconstant and changeable. For it prevails as far as it will and suffices for all and overflows. 2 Islamic atomic theory 2.1 Asharite atomism 2.2 Jabirian corpuscularianism 2.3 Ghazalian atomic theory 3 Modern atomic theory 3.1 Empirical evidence 3.2 Discovery of subatomic particles 3.3 Discovery of the nucleus 3.4 Steps towards a quantum physical 3.5 Nothing escapes change of some sort (it is impossible to step into the same river). [5] He also stated; "All things are an interchange for fire, and fire for all things, just like goods for gold and gold for goods"[71] and "The thunderbolt that steers the course of all things".[72]. [86], The Stoics were interested in Heraclitus's treatment of fire. According to Heraclitus, "Mortals are immortals and immortals are mortals, the one living the others' death and dying the others' life". [129], According to Heraclitus, there is the frivolity of a child in both man and God; he wrote, "Eternity is a child moving counters in a game; the kingly power is a child's". He called world order an ''ever-living fire kindling in measures and being extinguished in measures.'' Such calculations are common for those of this early period of Greek philosophy. Daily traffic carries some travelers out of the city, while it brings some back in. [21] Laërtius says as a boy, Heraclitus had said he "knew nothing" but later claimed to "know everything". According to both Plato and Aristotle, Heraclitus held extreme views that led to logical incoherence. [citation needed], Diogenes Laërtius has a passage summarizing Heraclitus's philosophy, stating; "All things come into being by conflict of opposites, and the sum of things (τὰ ὅλα ta hola ("the whole")) flows like a stream". Opposites are necessary for life, but they are unified in a system of balanced exchanges. [36] The only man of note he praises is Bias of Priene, one of the Seven Sages of Greece who is known for the maxim "most men are bad";[37] this is evident from Heraclitus's remark; "For what thought or wisdom have they? At the level of either cosmic bodies (in which sea turns into fiery storms on the one hand and earth on the other) or domestic activities (in which, for instance, water boils out of a pot), there is constant flux among opposites. On the one hand, Heraclitus commends sense experience: “The things of which there is sight, hearing, experience, I prefer” (DK22B55). [citation needed], Friedrich Nietzsche was profoundly influenced by Heraclitus, as can be seen in his Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. Democritus (/ d ɪ ˈ m ɒ k r ɪ t ə s /; Greek: Δημόκριτος, Dēmókritos, meaning "chosen of the people"; c. 460 – c. 370 BC) was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe. A. (DK22B90). If Stobaeus writes correctly, in the early 1st century, Sotion was already combining the two men in the duo the weeping and laughing philosophers; "Among the wise, instead of anger, Heraclitus was overtaken by tears, Democritus by laughter". Fish can drink it and it is good for them, to me it is undrinkable and destructive. (DK22B80), War is the father of all and king of all, who manifested some as gods and some as men, who made some slaves and some freemen. For, though all things come to pass in accordance with this Logos, they are like the unexperienced experiencing words and deeds such as I explain when I distinguish each thing according to its nature and show how it is. Democritus was a student of Leucippus (fifth century BC), who had an atomic theory of his own. Thus, Heraclitus does not hold Universal Flux, but recognizes a lawlike flux of elements; and he does not hold the Identity of Opposites, but the Transformational Equivalence of Opposites. Fragments exist, and some of his ideas were discussed by other Ancient Greek philosophers, particularly Aristotle, who gave us some details of the atomic theory.Aristotle opposed the idea of [67], Hippolytus condemns the obscurity of it; he could not accuse Heraclitus of heresy, saying; "Did not [Heraclitus] the Obscure anticipate Noetus in framing a system ...?" Here again we find a unity of opposites, but no contradiction. It is also speculated this shows the influence of Persian Zoroastrianism with its concept of Atar.

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